Farther north, 8% of ethnic Hungarian males and 5.1% of ethnic Bohemian (Czech) males have been found to belong to Haplogroup G. In South Asia, some ethnic minorities possess haplogroup G at concentrations of approximately 18%[21] to 20%[22] of Kalash, approximately 16% of Brahui,[22] and approximately 11.5% of sampled Pashtun,[21] but in only about 3% of the general Pakistani population. We performed principal component analysis to determine the affinities of various hg G fractions with respect to total M201 among different populations, using the frequency distributions of the following sub-clades: M285, P20, M377, M287, P287, P15*, P16, M286, M485, P303*, L497, U1*, M527, M406 and Page19. Distinguishing the co-ancestries of haplogroup G Y-chromosomes in the populations of Europe and the Caucasus. [2][37], Ancient DNA identified as G-PF3359 has been found at archaeological sites in: Hungary (the subclade G-F872*), dated at 7,500 years before present (BP); Hungary (subclade G-F1193*) 7,150 BP, and; Spain (G-PF3359*) 4,700 BP.[2]. Article New York: Columbia University Press, 1987. [38][self-published source?] The phylogeny obtained for haplogroup Q-M378 comprising 5.2% of the Ashkenazi paternal variation 24, shows a similar pattern to that observed for haplogroup G-M377 (Supplemental Figure S5). Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. Peter A Underhill. Haplogroup G-M285 - Wikipedia Science 2000; 290: 11551159. The complexity is apparent in both the phylogenetic resolution and geographic patterning within hgs G and J2a. The most probably region of the initial phase of G-M201 is estimated to be in Anatolia, Armenia or western Iran. First, we calculated haplogroup diversity using data in Supplementary Table S1 for the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. The mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 10595022 and is a change from G to C. G-L30 (also G-PF3267, G-S126 or G-U8; G2a2b, previously G2a3) Yunusbayev B, Metspalu M, Jrve M et al. Unresolved G2a-P15* lineages occur across a wide area extending from the Near/Middle East to the Balkans and Western Europe in the west, the Caucasus (especially the South Caucasus) in the north and Pakistan in the east. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) maintains the most up-to-date consensus version of haplogroup categories. The second common hg G lineage in the Caucasus is U1, which has its highest frequencies in the South (22.8% in Abkhazians) and NW Caucasus (about 39.7% in Adyghe and 36.5% in Cherkessians), but also reaches the Near/Middle East with the highest frequency in Palestinians (16.7%) and, shows extremely low frequency in Eastern Europe. EKK thanks the Russian Academy of Sciences Program for Fundamental Research Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pools, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for state contracts P-325 and 02.740.11.07.01, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grants 04-04-48678- and 07-04-01016-. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. Until 2008, new G SNPs were reported from labs at the University of Arizona (P designations), Stanford University (M designations) or the University of Central Florida (U designations). G2a1a persons also typically have higher values for DYS385b, such as 16, 17 or 18, than seen in most G persons. Such temporal estimates must be viewed with caution owing to differences in individual STR locus mutation rates, sensitivity to rare outlier STR alleles and complexities related to multiple potential founders during a demographic event. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. Its estimated Td of 120953000 years ago suggests considerable antiquity allowing time to accumulate STR diversity and also to disperse relatively widely. Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). In the northern and highland areas of the island of Sardinia off western Italy, G percentages reach 11% of the population in one study[17] and reached 21% in the town of Tempio in another study. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations. Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. Concerning the presence of hg G in the Caucasus, one of its distinguishing features is lower haplogroup diversity in numerous populations (Supplementary Table S1) compared with Anatolia and Armenia, implying that hg G is intrusive in the Caucasus rather than autochthonous. It is not found among Native Americans except where intermarriage with non-native persons has occurred. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA) There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y Spatial frequency maps for sub-clades (panels bf) were obtained by applying the frequencies from Supplementary Table S1 using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc.), following the kriging algorithm with option to use bodies of water as breaklines. Y-DNA haplogroups are useful to determine whether two apparently unrelated individuals sharing the same surname do indeed descend from a common ancestor in a not too distant past (3 to 20 generations). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, European Journal of Human Genetics (2021), European Journal of Human Genetics (2020), European Journal of Human Genetics (Eur J Hum Genet) The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. Semino O, Magri C, Benuzzi G et al. The M527-defined sub-clade is unusual in that it reflects the presence of hg G-U1 that is otherwise rare in Europe. Haplogroup G1 is a primary subclade of haplogroup G . The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. Haplogroup G men who belong to this group, but are negative for all G2a subclades, are uncommon in Europe but may represent a sizeable group in so far poorly tested areas east of Turkey. Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Javier Rodriguez Luis, Leire Palencia-Madrid, Rene J. Herrera, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Alessandra Modi, Desislava Nesheva, David Caramelli, Maxat Zhabagin, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Elena Balanovska, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics Population codes: Baltics (Blt), Belarusians (Blr), Poles (Pol), Ukrainians (Ukr), northern Russians (NRu), southern and central Russians (SRu), Circum-Uralic (CUr), Germans (Ger), Central Europeans (CE), Iberians (Ibr), French (Fra), Sardinians (Srd), Corsica (Cor), Sicilians (Sic), Italians (Ita), Switzerlands (Swi), Western Balkans (WB), Romanians (Rmn), Bulgarians (Bul), Crete (Crt), Greeks (Grc), Anatolian Greeks (AG), Egyptians (Egy), Near/Middle Easterners (ME), Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), Sephardic Jews (SJ), Arabian Peninsula (AP), Palestinians (Pal), Druze (Drz), Western Turks (WTu), Central Turks (CTu), Eastern Turks (ETu), Iranians (Irn), Abkhazians (Abh), Armenians (Arm), Georgians (Grg), South Ossetians (SOs), Iranian Azeris (Azr), Abazins (Aba), Adyghes (Ady), Balkars (Blk), Cherkessians (Crk), Kabardins (Kab), Karachays (Kar), Kuban Nogays (Nog), North Ossetians (NOs), Chamalals (Cha), Ingushes (Ing), Kumyks (Kum), Central Asians (CA), Pakistani (Pak). Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68: 10191029. PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. Pericic M, Lauc LB, Klaric IM, Janicijevic B, Rudan P : Review of croatian genetic heritage as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomal lineages. SR thanks the Estonian Science Foundation for grant 7445 and M Metspalu for grant 8973. PubMed Goncalves R, Freitas A, Branco M et al. G-CTS2488 or G2a2b2 (also known as G-L141.1; previously G-141 and G2a3b) was identified only in mid-2009 at Family Tree DNA. Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. Important caveats to consider include the fact that Td is sensitive to authentic rare outlier alleles and that multiple founders during population formation will inflate the age estimate of the event. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). Y-STR haplotypes were used to construct phylogenetic networks for haplogroups G-P303, G-P16 and G-M377, using the program Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering, Suffolk, England, UK) and applying the median-joining algorithm. Summary. . Using Y-STR data, the Td expansion time for all combined P15-affiliated chromosomes was estimated to be 150822217 years ago. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67: 15261543. The non-clustering paraphyletic, hg G sub-group P303* residuals consist of samples from Near/Middle Eastern, Caucasian and European populations. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90: 573. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70: 265268. In the Russian North Caucasus the Kabardinian and Ossetian populations are also notable for high rates of G-M201. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I et al. In human genetics, Haplogroup G-P303 ( G2a2b2a, [2] formerly G2a3b1) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. The number of STR marker values separating men in this group suggest G-PF3359 is a relatively old group despite the small number of men involved. The frequency data were converted into isofrequency maps using the Surfer software (version 8, Golden Software, Inc., Golden, CO, USA), following the kriging algorithm using advanced options to use bodies of waters as breaklines. The L141 mutation involves an insertion.[35]. [15] Among the samples in the YHRD database from the southern Caucasus countries, 29% of the samples from Abazinia, 31% from Georgia, 2% from Azerbaijan and 18% from Armenia appear to be G samples. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. Parallel evolution of genes and languages in the Caucasus region. Haplogroup G was the first branch of Haplogroup F outside of Africa. Principal component analysis based on G sub-haplogroup frequencies was performed using the freeware POPSTR program (http://harpending.humanevo.utah.edu/popstr/). Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Origin. MH and MHS are thankful to the National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran, and the National Research Institute for Science policy, Tehran, Iran, for providing the samples. Categories have alternating letters and numbers. Haplogroup G first locations (T. Kandell). In order to determine if one of these alternative SNPs represents a subclade of M201, the alternative SNPs must be tested in G persons who are negative for the known subclades of G. There are only a tiny number of persons in such a category, and only a tiny number of persons have been tested for G equivalent SNPs other than M201. Nonetheless, our approach using high-resolution phylogenetic relationships as well as their phylogeography to infer the possible origin of a genetic variant provides a more plausible deduction than simply the region of highest frequency. The DYS391 marker has mostly a value of 10, but sometimes 11, in G2a2b1 persons, and DYS392 is almost always 11. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. Two sources of the Russian patrilineal heritage in their Eurasian context. It is a branch of haplogroup G (Y-DNA) (M201). Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in western Eurasia, This article is about the human Y-DNA haplogroup. Armenian DNA Project - News | FamilyTreeDNA [10], A skeleton found at the Neolithic cemetery known as Derenburg Meerenstieg II, in Saxony-Anhalt Germany, apparently belonged to G2a3 (G-S126) or a subclade. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. The G-P303 phylogenetic network was constructed using 248 G2a3b-P303-derived 19-locus haplotypes from populations representing Europe, Middle/Near East, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus and belonging to five sub-clades P303*, U1, M527, M426 and L497. Also for P15* and L91 lineages Td estimates, DYS19 was excluded owing to duplications in these lineages.36. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. G1-M285, previously described in the Iranian population . Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1. Haplogroup F is the parent of haplogroups from G to R; however excluding these common haplogroups, the minor clades F*, F1, and F2, seem to appear in the Indian continent [68]. Hammer MF, Behar DM, Karafet TM et al. Although M527 frequency (Supplementary Table S1) is relatively low (16%), its phylogeographic distribution in regions such as southern Italy, Ukraine and the Levant (Druze and Palestinians) often coincides with areas associated with the Neolithic and post-Neolithic expansions into the Greek Aegean beginning approximately 7000 years ago.41 The expansion time (Td) of M527 is 71002300 years ago and is consistent with a Middle to Late Neolithic expansion of M527 in the Aegean. "[3], Previously the National Geographic Society placed its origins in the Middle East 30,000 years ago and presumes that people carrying the haplogroup took part in the spread of the Neolithic. The mutation involves a change from C to T.[citation needed] L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs13304806. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. The forward primer is GTATTGAACTTACAATTCACGTCCC, and the reverse is CTCTCCAAATCGGGTTTCCT. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. [citation needed] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). This is not surprising, as clines are not expected in cases of sharp changes in haplogroup frequency over a relatively small distance such as those observed for hg G, for instance between the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Genomics 1999; 57: 433437. The extreme rarity of G-M377 in northern Pakistan could indicate that G2b in this area originates outside the region and was brought there in the historic period, perhaps from further west (Pakistan was part of both the Achaemenid Persian Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great, and then formed a part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom). It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the Linearbandkeramische Kultur ("Linear Band Ceramic Culture"; LBK). For this are several indications. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 873882. Here we present the haplogroup frequency distribution and STR variation of 16 informative G sub-clades by evaluating 1472 haplogroup G chromosomes belonging to 98 populations ranging from Europe to Pakistan. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. G-M201 has also been found in Neolithic Anatolian sites such as Boncuklu dating back to 8300-7600 BCE, and Barcin dating back to 6419-6238 BCE. G2a3a-M406 has a modest presence in Thessaly and the Peloponnese (4%),10 areas of the initial Greek Neolithic settlements. Spatial frequency maps for hg G sub-clades that attained 10% frequency in at least one population were obtained by applying the haplogroup frequencies from Supplementary Table S1. [16] The concentration of G falls below this average in Scandinavia, the westernmost former Soviet republics and Poland, as well as in Iceland and the British Isles. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2012.86. Hum Genet 2009; 126: 707717. A plot of the sub-clades included in the principal component analysis (Figure 3b) indicates that the clustering of the populations from NW Caucasus is due to their U1* frequency, whereas L497 lineages account for the separation of central Europeans. SD was also calculated for the age estimates according to the following formula: 25/1000 (ASD0 variance)/0.00069. Nei M : Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4. Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4). G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. We attempted to localize the potential geographic origin of . In Turkey, the South Caucasus and Iran, haplogroup G reaches the highest percentage of national populations. It is notable that tzi the 5300-year-old Alpine mummy was derived for the L91 SNP and his autosomal affinity was nearest to modern Sardinians.28, The G2a2-M286 lineage is very rare, so far detected only in some individuals in Anatolia and the South Caucasus. Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. No labs have yet assigned them shorthand names. Kharkov VN, Stepanov VA, Borinskaya SA et al. The Caucasus as an asymmetric semipermeable barrier to ancient human migrations. Age Kayser M, Caglia A, Corach D et al. In the ten remaining populations, haplogroup diversity spanned from a low of 0.21 in Adyghes, to highs of 0.88 in Azeris (Iran) and 0.89 in eastern Anatolia and 0.90 in Armenia. [26][27] Among the Druze mostly residents of Israel 10% were found to be haplogroup G.[28], Around 10% of Jewish males are Haplogroup G.[citation needed], In Africa, haplogroup G is rarely found in sub-Saharan Africa or south of the horn of Africa among native populations. G-L42/S146 (Y-DNA) - geni family tree The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people. Almost all L141 men belong to L141 subclades. Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau. Haplogroup G-M201 - Wikipedia Various estimated dates and locations have been proposed for the origin of G-M201, most of them in Western Asia. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. G2a was found also in 20 out of 22 samples of ancient Y-DNA from Treilles, the type-site of a Late Neolithic group of farmers in the South of France, dated to about 5000 years ago. 25 and 0.00069 denote the assumed average generation time in years and the effective mutation rate, respectively, and 1000 is used to convert the result of the equation (into thousands of years). K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. Article [24] Haplogroup G-M201 is believed to have been relatively absent during Neolithic India; the frequencies of the G2a-P15 subclade for example was negligible in indigenous Indian populations. Haplogroup G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture, especially in the European context. Cavalli-Sforza L, Menozzi P, Piazza A : The History and Geography of Human Genes. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 502513. Zhivotovsky LA, Underhill PA, Feldman MW : Difference between evolutionarily effective and germ line mutation rate due to stochastically varying haplogroup size. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. Haplogroup H Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) - Origins - LiquiSearch Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 29052920. [36], G-PF3359 (or G2a2b2b; previously G2a3b2) was known prior to 2013 as G-L177. Haplogroup G-M201 | Familypedia | Fandom G-M201 is most commonly found among various ethnic groups of the Caucasus, but is also widely distributed at low frequencies among ethnic groups throughout Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and North Africa .
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