Public Law 90-618, Gun Control Act of 1968, October 22, 1968. National Shooting Sports Foundation, Modern Sporting Rifle: Introduction, webpage, undated. A. Mandle, Factors Associated with Suicide by Firearm Among U.S. A first offense for failure to make such a report is a civil infraction punishable by a $25 fine, and a second or subsequent offense is a misdemeanor . But because the state could not prove they were stolen, Nicholson could receive the proceeds from their sale. Criminal Justice Information Services Division. Cook, P. J., and H. A. Pollack, Reducing Access to Guns by Violent Offenders, presented at RSF Journal Conference: The Underground Gun Market, April 2016. The violation is a Class C Felony with a punishment of up to five years in prison and up to $10,000 in fines. Stolen or lost firearms in the U.S. by state 2021 | Statista Over the past weekend, Kelso police took a report of someone breaking into a motor. A. Perper, G. Moritz, M. Baugher, J. Schweers, and C. Roth, Firearms and Adolescent SuicideA Community Case-Control Study,, Bridges, F. Stephen, Kimberly M. Tatum, and Julie C. Kunselman, Domestic Violence Statutes and Rates of Intimate Partner and Family Homicide,, Briggs, J. T., and A. Tabarrok, Firearms and Suicides in U.S. States,, Britt, Chester L., Gary Kleck, and David J. Bordua, A Reassessment of the D.C. Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, Mass Shootings in the United States: 20092017, December 6, 2018. Secure gun storage requirements for all firearms will increase public safety by helping ensure that children and other prohibited persons do not inappropriately gain access to firearms, and notice requirements will make the potential dangers of firearms clear to purchasers. If you share that goal, power our efforts today. Top congressional Democrats Schumer and Jeffries seek on-air Donohue, John J., Samuel V. Cai, Matthew V. Bondy, and Philip J. Cook, Donohue, John J., and Steven D. Levitt, The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime,, Doob, A. N., and C. M. Webster, Sentence Severity and Crime: Accepting the Null Hypothesis,, Doucette, Mitchell L., Cassandra K. Crifasi, and Shannon Frattaroli, Right-to-Carry Laws and Firearm Workplace Homicides: A Longitudinal Analysis (19922017),, Doucette, Mitchell L., Julie A. As of September 12, 2022: Marylanders to Prevent Gun Violence, Maryland Safe Storage Map, webpage, undated. If the information on this translated website is unclear, please contact us at 360.902.3900 for help in your language of choice. Callahan, Charles M., Frederick P. Rivara, and Thomas D. Koepsell, Money for Guns: Evaluation of the Seattle Gun Buy-Back Program,. Stanford Geospatial Center, Mass Shootings in America, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Libraries, undated. Mandatory Reporting of Lost and Stolen Guns - Texas Gun Sense Can supervised individuals possess firearms, ammunition, explosives, or body armor? REPORTING STOLEN GUNS: Pennsylvania governor urges new gun law - WTAE Answer (1 of 6): Washington registers pistols via the "Permission to Purchase" form signed off by your local sheriff, which is then stored by the Department of Licensing. A., Getting Deterrence Right: Evaluation Evidence and Complementary Crime Control Mechanisms,. Reuter, Peter, and Jenny Mouzos, Australia: A Massive Buyback of Low-Risk Guns, in Jens Ludwig and Philip J. Cook, eds., Ribeiro, J. D., J. C. Franklin, K. R. Fox, K. H. Bentley, E. M. Kleiman, B. P. Chang, and M. K. Nock, Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors as Risk Factors for Future Suicide Ideation, Attempts, and Death: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies,, Richards, Julie E., Elena Kuo, Christine Stewart, Jennifer F. Bobb, Kayne D. Mattert, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, Marian E. Betz, Rebecca Parrish, Ursula Whiteside, Jennifer M. Boggs, and Gregory E. Simon, Self-Reported Access to Firearms Among Patients Receiving Care for Mental Health and Substance Use,. Texas, Georgia, Florida, and Oklahoma rounded out the top five states with the most lost or stolen . A Technology-Centric Critique of Predictive Policing,, Desai, R. A., D. Dausey, and R. A. Rosenheck, Suicide Among Discharged Psychiatric Inpatients in the Department of Veterans Affairs,, DeSimone, J., S. Markowitz, and J. Xu, Child Access Prevention Laws and Nonfatal Gun Injuries,, Desmarais, S. L., R. A. As of June 16, 2022: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nonfatal Injury Reports, 20002020, WISQARS database, Atlanta, Ga., 2022c. Kahan, Dan M., The Politically Motivated Reasoning Paradigm, Part 2: Unanswered Questions, in Robert Scott and Stephen Kosslyn, eds.. Kahan, Dan M., On the Sources of Ordinary Science Knowledge and Extraordinary Science Ignorance, in Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele, eds., Kahan, Dan M., E. Peters, E. Dawson, and P. Slovic, Motivated Numeracy and Enlightened Self-Government,, Kahane, Leo H., Understanding the Interstate Export of Crime Guns: A Gravity Model Approach,, Kahane, Leo H., State Gun Laws and the Movement of Crime Guns Between States,, Kalesan, Bindu, Kinan Lagast, Marcos Villarreal, Elizabeth Pino, Jeffrey Fagan, and Sandro Galea, School Shootings During 20132015 in the USA,, Kalesan, Bindu, Matthew E. Mobily, Olivia Keiser, Jeffrey A. Fagan, and Sandro Galea, Firearm Legislation and Firearm Mortality in the USA: A Cross-Sectional, State-Level Study,, Kann, L., T. McManus, W. A. Harris, S. L. Shanklin, K. H. Flint, J. Hawkins, B. The sales record contains the make, model, and serial number of the firearm. "Explosives" means any chemical compound or mechanical mixture that is commonly used or intended for the purpose of producing an explosion, and which contains any oxidizing or combustible units or other ingredients in such proportions, quantities or packing that an ignition by fire, by friction, by concussion, by percussion or by detonation of any part of the compound mixture may cause such a sudden generation of highly heated gases that the resultant gaseous pressures are capable of producing destructible effects on contiguous objects or of destroying life or limb (RCW 46.04.170). However, if your firearm is stolen before you have the opportunity to write this information down, there is still hope. Yes. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 39, Section 232.1, Conduct on Postal Property. The authors of the study used these data to estimate that 380,000 guns were stolen per year. Please complete and submit the following information to conduct your search. In states that differentiate each stolen gun as an individual charge, prosecutors can stack up charges to help make a better case. As of May 8, 2017: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Active Records in the NICS Index, April 30, 2017. HCUPnet: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, web tool, undated. Whether it is a lost or stolen gun, you really should report it. Cherney, Samantha, Andrew R. Morral, Terry L. Schell, Sierra Smucker, and Emily Hoch, Development of the RAND State Firearm Law Database and Supporting Materials, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TL-A243-2-v2, 2022. Federal law requires licensed firearm dealers to report lost or stolen guns to local authorities or the U.S. Attorney General within 48 hours (18U.S.C. The best way to get your stolen gun back - WBRC A., and D. L. Weisburd, Must We Settle for Less Rigorous Evaluations in Large Area-Based Crime Prevention Programs? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, WONDER data system, undated. Everytown for Gun Safety Action Fund, Solutions: Secure Gun Storage, webpage, undated. Initiative 1639 - Washington State | Office of the Attorney General 79, 2015b, pp. Federal law 18 U.S.C. They are required to keep records of all sales. [5], What Science Tells Us About the Effects of Gun Policies, In Search of Common Ground: Expert Judgments on Gun Policy Effects, New Approaches to Understanding the Effects of Gun Policies, Additions and Updates to the Gun Policy in America Initiative, Prohibitions Associated with Domestic Violence, Prohibitions Associated with Mental Illness, Surrender of Firearms by Prohibited Possessors, Bans on the Sale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity Magazines, Firearm Sales Reporting, Recording, and Registration Requirements, Lost or Stolen Firearm Reporting Requirements, Laws Allowing Armed Staff in K-12 Schools, Explore all gun policies and outcomes from our research review, Firearm Injury Hospitalizations in America, Firearm Law Effects and Mortality Explorer, Inpatient Hospitalizations for Firearm Injury, State-Level Estimates of Household Firearm Ownership, The Effects of the 1996 National Firearms Agreement in Australia on Suicide, Homicide, and Mass Shootings, The Relationship Between Firearm Availability and Suicide, The Relationship Between Firearm Prevalence and Violent Crime, Education Campaigns and Clinical Interventions for Promoting Safe Storage, Gun Buyback Programs in the United States. As of December 6, 2021: National Shooting Sports Foundation, Project ChildSafe, webpage, 2016. As of May 15, 2017: Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCVS Redesign: Subnational, webpage, 2017b. Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, Assault Weapons, webpage, undated-a. Gen. Laws Ch. Heres What the New Law Does,. Phillips, C. D., O. Nwaiwu, D. K. McMaughan Moudouni, R. Edwards, and S. Lin, When Concealed Handgun Licensees Break Bad: Criminal Convictions of Concealed Handgun Licensees in Texas, 20012009,, Phillips, J. Without a stolen gun report, the paper trail ends at the moment of sale. 842(d)), prohibits convicted felons, and people under indictment for a felony crime, from possessing or using explosive materials. The programs, policies, and people driving positive change in Americas gun violence problem. And now there's firearms missing. Report Illegal Firearms Activity 1-800-ATF-GUNS (1-800-283-4867) Bomb Hotline 1-888-ATF-BOMB (1-888-283-2662) Arson Hotline 1-888-ATF-FIRE (1-888-283-3473) Other Criminal Activity 1-888-ATF-TIPS (1-888-283-8477) Email: ATFTips@atf.gov Firearms Theft Hotline 1-888-930-9275 Explosives Theft Hotline 1-800-461-8841 National Tracing Center This first step is a preemptive measure that everyone should take. The lack of a reporting requirement enables straw buyers to shield their criminal activity and continue to sell guns illegally.. Adler, W. C., F. M. Bielke, D. J. Doi, and J. F. Kennedy, Ahmedani, Brian K., Gregory E. Simon, Christine Stewart, Arne Beck, Beth E. Waitzfelder, Rebecca Rossom, Frances Lynch, Ashli Owen-Smith, Enid M. Hunkeler, Ursula Whiteside, Belinda H. Operskalski, M. Justin Coffey, and Leif I. Solberg, Health Care Contacts in the Year Before Suicide Death,, Aitken, Mary E., Samantha D. Minster, Samantha H. Mullins, Heather M. Hirsch, Purnima Unni, Kathy Monroe, and Beverly K. Miller, Parents Perspectives on Safe Storage of Firearms,, Albert, Adelin, and John A. Anderson, On the Existence of Maximum Likelihood Estimates in Logistic Regression Models,. The report. As of January 11, 2018: National Rifle Association, Institute for Legislative Action, Bloomberg Course Continues Bloomberging Rights Away, May 24, 2019a. That may not seem like much, but when youre the gun owner, its more than you would like. Chang, Ailsa, Why the AR-15 Is More Than Just a Gun, NPR, June 24, 2013. Birckmayer, J., and D. Hemenway, Suicide and Firearm Prevalence: Are Youth Disproportionately Affected?, Black, Dan A., and Daniel S. Nagin, Do Right-to-Carry Laws Deter Violent Crime?, Blair, Janet M., Katherine A. Fowler, Shane P. D. Jack, and Alexander E. Crosby, The National Violent Death Reporting System: Overview and Future Directions,. The number of guns that are being stolen in Washington has declined substantially, according to a report by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). The National Rifle Association is one of the most powerful special interest groups in America. Criminals, Victims, and the Culture of Violence,, Glatt, K. M., Helpline: Suicide Prevention at a Suicide Site,, Gold, Sharon L., Why Are Victims of Domestic Violence Still Dying at the Hands of Their Abusers? The Relationship Between Gentrification and Neighborhood Crime Rates in Chicago, 1991 to 2005,, Papachristos, A. V., C. Wildeman, and E. Roberto, Tragic, but Not Random: The Social Contagion of Nonfatal Gunshot Injuries,, Parikh, Kavita, Alyssa Silver, Shilpa J. Patel, Sabah F. Iqbal, and Monika Goyal, Pediatric Firearm-Related Injuries in the United States,, Park, Sung-Yeon, Kyle J. Holody, and Xiaoqun Zhang, Race in Media Coverage of School Shootings: A Parallel Application of Framing Theory and Attribute Agenda Setting,, Parker, George F., Circumstances and Outcomes of a Firearm Seizure Law: Marion County, Indiana, 20062013,. Every year, 380,000 firearms are stolen from gun owners across the country-20 times more than from gun dealers. We report stories that would go untold. Your request can be faxed to 800-578-7223, attention Record Search Requests. As of December 6, 2021: Horn, Dara L., Elissa K. Butler, Jessica L. Stahl, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, and Alyson J. Littman, A Multi-State Evaluation of the Association Between Mental Health and Firearm Storage Practices,. Following the tragedy in Uvalde, Texas, gun control advocates have taken the anti-gun narrative to a fever pitch. As of August 18, 2022: Hahn, Robert A., Oleg Bilukha, Alex Crosby, Mindy T. Fullilove, Akiva Liberman, Eve Moscicki, Susan Snyder, Farris Tuma, and Peter A. Briss, Firearms Laws and the Reduction of Violence: A Systematic Review,, Hamill, Mark E., Matthew C. Hernandez, Kent R. Bailey, Martin D. Zielinski, Miguel A. Matos, and Henry J. Schiller, State Level Firearm Concealed-Carry Legislation and Rates of Homicide and Other Violent Crime,, Hanlon, Thomas J., Catherine Barber, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, Type of Firearm Used in Suicides: Findings from 13 States in the National Violent Death Reporting System, 20052015,. Lately, the .40 S&W has been awash in a stormy sea of unflattering ink. As proposed by the Governor's office in the May 30, 2018 School and Firearm Safety Action Plan, such a law could require that a gun owner report a stolen or lost gun within a specified period of time after realizing the gun is missing. First, reporting requirements might encourage private gun owners to take steps that decrease the ease with which their firearms might be lost or stolen (e.g., by storing their firearms in a locked container). It was very frustrating, said Kernard Redmond, the prosecutor assigned to the case. ATF does not take reports of stolen firearms from private citizens: If you are an individual needing assistance in obtaining a serial number for a firearm, ATF is unable to assist private citizens in locating serial numbers as there is no national registration system. Changing that would save lives. Many times, a crook will try to file down the serial number. Sheriff Jay Brooks of Chesterfield County and Redmond, the prosecutor, agreed with Nicholsons lawyer that if the state had been able to prove that more of the weapons found in his home were stolen, Nicholson might still be incarcerated. These weapons are often stolen before quickly reappearing in violent shootings throughout the Commonwealth. Public Law 117-159, Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, June 25, 2022. (6) Nothing in this section mandates how or where a firearm must be stored. Updated: 2:04 PM EST March 3, 2023. As of August 23, 2022: Wilson, Jonathan, Jr., and Kyle Sammin, Should Philadelphia Continue Gun Buybacks? ATF report shows stolen guns used in crimes more quickly | king5.com Requiring gun owners to report lost or stolen firearms is unlikely to have measurable effects on such outcomes as suicide, unintentional injuries and deaths, defensive gun use, or hunting and recreation. Silver, James, Andre Simons, and Sarah Craun, Simon, Thomas R., Heather B. Clayton, Linda L. Dahlberg, Corinne David-Ferdon, Greta Kilmer, and Colleen Barbero, Gun Carrying Among Youths, by Demographic Characteristics, Associated Violence Experiences, and Risk BehaviorsUnited States, 20172019,. Pro/Con,, Wintemute, Garen J., Ghost Guns: Spookier Than You Think They Are,, Wintemute, Garen J., Marian E. Betz, and Megan L. Ranney, Yes, You Can: Physicians, Patients, and Firearms,, Wintemute, G. J., D. Hemenway, D. Webster, G. Pierce, and A. Well never stop fighting for a safe, gun violence-free Pennsylvania. The sooner that gun is reported, the sooner we can start looking into the people who have a history of trying to obtain a gun, said Brandon Epp, a sergeant with the Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department. The report goes on to state that "over-the-counter purchases are not the only means by which guns reach the illegal market from FFLs" and reveals that 23,775 guns have been reported lost, missing . HARRISBURG, Pa. Gov. B. Hackman, Suicide in the Home in Relation to Gun Ownership,. Engel, Amanda, Just Under 50% of Emergency Risk Protection Order Requests Are Granted: Digging into Maryland Gun Protection Laws, ABC Baltimore, May 26, 2022. To use this online reporting system, each of the following statements must be true: Last week, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives released an expansive federal report, the first of its kind in 20 years, on guns used in crimes, providing the public with. Your tax-deductible donation to The Trace will directly support nonprofit journalism on gun violence and its effects on our communities. White, and D. Azrael, Firearms and Suicide in the United States: Is Risk Independent of Underlying Suicidal Behavior?, Miller, M., and D. Hemenway, The Relationship Between Firearms and Suicide: A Review of the Literature,, Miller, M., D. Hemenway, and D. Azrael, Firearms and Suicide in the Northeast,, Miller, Matthew, Katherine Hempstead, Tuan Nguyen, Catherine Barber, Sarah Rosenberg-Wohl, and Deborah Azrael, Method Choice in Nonfatal Self-Harm as a Predictor of Subsequent Episodes of Self-Harm and Suicide: Implications for Clinical Practice,, Miller, M., L. Hepburn, and D. Azrael, Firearm Acquisition Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey,, Miller, Matthew, Carmel Salhi, Catherine Barber, Deborah Azrael, Elizabeth Beatriz, John Berrigan, Sara Brandspigel, Marian E. Betz, and Carol Runyan, Changes in Firearm and Medication Storage Practices in Homes of Youths at Risk for Suicide: Results of the SAFETY Study, a Clustered, Emergency DepartmentBased, Multisite, Stepped-Wedge Trial,, Miller, M., S. A. Swanson, and D. Azrael, Are We Missing Something Pertinent? Raifman, Julia, Elysia Larson, Colleen L. Barry, Michael Siegel, Michael Ulrich, Anita Knopov, and Sandro Galea, State Handgun Purchase Age Minimums in the US and Adolescent Suicide Rates: Regression Discontinuity and Difference-in-Differences Analyses,, Raissian, Kerri M., Hold Your Fire: Did the 1996 Federal Gun Control Act Expansion Reduce Domestic Homicides?, Rajkumar, A. P., E. M. Brinda, A. S. Duba, P. Thangadurai, and K. S. Jacob, National Suicide Rates and Mental Health System Indicators: An Ecological Study of 191 Countries,. Owner Applied Number. Eligibility for firearms restoration depends upon: (1) the nature and severity of the underlying conviction; and (2) the length of time you have been crime free since conviction or release from custody. As of March 23, 2017: The Violence Project, Mass Shooter Database, web tool, undated. Indeed, ATF has seen a recent increase in thefts from gun dealers, noting that from 2012 to 2016, burglaries and . 53-202g (within 72 hours); Del. They've had six stolen since January 1. However, if it is stolen from your vehicle in another jurisdiction, report it to the police department for that jurisdiction. Although the laws requiring reporting a lost or stolen firearm vary from state to state, maintaining a clear plan is important. Richmond, Matthew, With No National Standards, Policies for Arming Teachers Are Often Left to Local School Districts, Guns & America, March 22, 2019. A. Braga, Gun Shows and Gun Violence: Fatally Flawed Study Yields Misleading Results,, Wintemute, G. J., C. A. Parham, J. J. Beaumont, M. Wright, and C. Drake, Mortality Among Recent Purchasers of Handguns,, Wintemute, Garen J., Carrie A. Parham, Mona A. Wright, James J. Beaumont, and Christiana M. Drake, Weapons of Choice: Previous Criminal History, Later Criminal Activity, and Firearm Preference Among Legally Authorized Young Adult Purchasers of Handguns,, Wintemute, Garen J., Veronica A. Pear, Julia P. Schleimer, Rocco Pallin, Sydney Sohl, Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz, and Elizabeth A. Tomsich, Extreme Risk Protection Orders Intended to Prevent Mass Shootings: A Case Series,. Nicholson spent 14 months in jail before pleading guilty to possession of a stolen pistol and three counts of receiving stolen goods. IF YOU ARE REPORTING AN EMERGENCY DIAL 9-1-1 Welcome to the King County Sheriff's Office Online Reporting System. 11 1461 (within seven days); Hawaii Rev. Confiscated firearms, ammunition, and body armor that are not turned over to a local, state, or federal law enforcement agency as evidence for a new prosecution will be disposed of per DOC Policy 420.395 (pdf). As of December 7, 2021: Mass Shooting Tracker, homepage, undated. The Effects of Lost or Stolen Firearm Reporting Requirements [3] However, Maryland requires the reporting of loss or theft of handguns and assault weapons only,[4] and Michigan requires the reporting of thefts, but not loss, of all firearms. As of August 1, 2019: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Expanded Homicide Data Table 8: Murder Victims, by Weapon, 20132017, webpage, Crime in the United States 2017, 2018b. Alcazar, Beth, Kids and Guns: Simple Steps to a Safer Home, U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 27, Section 478.11, Meaning of Terms. Meta-Analytic Review of Tailored Print Health Behavior Change Interventions,, Nordentoft, Merete, Preben Bo Mortensen, and Carsten Bcker Pedersen, Absolute Risk of Suicide After First Hospital Contact in Mental Disorder,. (5) For the purposes of this section, "prohibited person" means a person who is prohibited from possessing a firearm under state or federal law. As of December 7, 2022: Messing, Jill Theresa, Millan AbiNader, Tricia Bent-Goodley, and Jacquelyn Campbell, Preventing Intimate Partner Homicide: The Long Road Ahead,, Metinko, Chris, and Paul Burgarino, Perata Launches Gun Buyback Program at Scene of Oakland Shooting,, Metzl, J. M., and K. T. MacLeish, Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Politics of American Firearms,, Miletich, Steve, Extreme Risk: Seattle Police Have Seized 43 Guns from People Deemed to Be a Danger Under Year-Old Law,, Miller, Matthew, and Deborah Azrael, Firearm Storage in US Households With Children: Findings From the 2021 National Firearm Survey,, Miller, M., D. Azrael, and C. Barber, Suicide Mortality in the United States: The Importance of Attending to Method in Understanding Population-Level Disparities in the Burden of Suicide,, Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway, Household Firearm Ownership and Suicide Rates in the United States,, Miller, M., D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway, The Epidemiology of Case Fatality Rates for Suicide in the Northeast,, Miller, M., D. Azrael, D. Hemenway, and M. Vriniotis, Firearm Storage Practices and Rates of Unintentional Firearm Deaths in the United States,, Miller, M., D. Azrael, L. Hepburn, D. Hemenway, and S. J. Lippmann, The Association Between Changes in Household Firearm Ownership and Rates of Suicide in the United States, 19812002,, Miller, M., C. Barber, D. Azrael, D. Hemenway, and B. E. Molnar, Recent Psychopathology, Suicidal Thoughts and Suicide Attempts in Households With and Without Firearms: Findings from the National Comorbidity Study Replication,, Miller, M., C. Barber, R. A. As of August 1, 2019: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Table 16: Rate: Number of Crimes Per 100,000 Inhabitants, by Population Group, 2017, webpage, Crime in the United States 2017, 2018e. Data collected from ATF trafficking investigations covering 1999 to 2002 showed that 6.6percent (7,758 of 117,138) of diverted firearms were stolen from a residence or vehicle (Braga et al., 2012). Alpers, Philip, and Michael Picard, AustraliaGun Facts, Figures and the Law, GunPolicy.org, 2020. However, up to 40 percent of these are never reported to law enforcement . . Multiple law enforcement sources said that reporting requirements are a key method of combating one of the most common means of diverting weapons to the underground market: straw purchasing. 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A-3) defined a. California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Virginia.
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